The theory associated with Marxism was developed in midth century Europe by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Although Marx and Engels did not write widely about education, they developed theoretical perspectives on modern societies that have been used to highlight the social functions of education and their concepts and methods Gutierrez says that Marxism presents the best analysis of the oppression/liberation conflict in terms of class struggle. So the liberation theologian must be committed to Marxism at least as an “analytical tool,” 10 at most to socialist revolution as such. So theology is Aug 23, · Sartre’s relation to orthodox Marxism was marked by tension, however, since he held that existing Marxism had abandoned the promise of its dialectical approach to social reality in favor of a dogmatic “apriorism” that subsumed historical reality under a blanket of lifeless abstractions
The List of Lists at blogger.com
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialismto understand class relations and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thoughtcurrently no single, definitive Marxist theory exists.
Some Marxist schools of thought place greater emphasis on certain aspects of classical Marxism while rejecting or modifying other aspects. Some schools have sought to combine Marxian concepts and non-Marxian concepts which has then led to widely varying conclusions.
Marxism essays on marxism had a profound impact on global academia, having influenced many fields, including anthropology[3] [4] archaeologyart theorycriminologycultural studiesessays on marxism, economicseducation[5] ethicsfilm theorygeography[6] historiographyliterary essays on marxismmedia studies[7] [8] philosophypolitical sciencepsychologyscience studies[9] sociologyurban planningand theater.
Marxism seeks to explain social phenomena within any given society by analyzing the material conditions and economic activities required to fulfill human material needs.
It assumes that the form of economic organization, or mode of productioninfluences all other social phenomena including wider social relations, political institutions, legal systems, cultural systems, aesthetics and ideologies.
These social relations, together with the economic system, form a base and superstructure. As forces of production i. technology improve, existing forms of organizing production become obsolete and hinder further progress, essays on marxism.
Karl Marx wrote: "At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or—this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms—with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an era of social revolution. These inefficiencies manifest themselves as social contradictions in society which are, in turn, fought out at the level of class struggle.
Starting with the conjectural premise that social change occurs as result of the struggle between different classes within society who contradict one another, a Marxist would conclude that capitalism exploits and oppresses the proletariat, therefore capitalism will inevitably lead to a proletarian revolution. In a socialist society, private property —as the means of production—would be replaced by co-operative ownership. A socialist economy would not base production on the creation of private profits, but on the criteria of satisfying human needs—that is, production for use.
Friedrich Engels explained that "the capitalist mode of appropriation, in which the product enslaves first the producer, and then the appropriator, is replaced by the mode of appropriation of the products that is based upon the nature of the modern means of production; upon the one hand, direct social appropriation, as means to the maintenance and extension of production — on the other, direct individual appropriation, as means of subsistence and of enjoyment.
Marxian economics and its proponents view capitalism as economically unsustainable and incapable of improving the living standards of the population essays on marxism to its need to compensate for falling rate of profit by cutting employees' wages and social benefits while pursuing military aggression.
The socialist mode of production would succeed capitalism as humanity's mode of production through revolution by workers. According to Marxian crisis theorysocialism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity.
The term Marxism was popularized by Karl Kautskywho considered himself an orthodox Marxist during the dispute between the orthodox and revisionist followers of Marx. Engels did not support the use of the term Marxism to describe either Marx's or his own views. The discovery of the materialist conception of history, or rather, the consistent continuation and extension of materialism into the domain of social phenomenon, removed two chief defects of earlier historical theories.
In the first place, they at best examined only the ideological motives of the historical activity of human beings, without grasping the objective laws governing the development of the system of social relations. in the second place, essays on marxism, the earlier theories did not cover the activities of the masses of the population, whereas historical materialism essays on marxism it possible for the first time to study with scientific accuracy the social conditions of the life of the masses and the changes in these conditions.
Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand. Marxism uses a materialist methodology, referred to by Marx and Engels as the materialist conception of history and later better known as historical materialism, to analyse the underlying causes of societal development and change from the perspective of the collective ways in which humans make their living.
The base and superstructure metaphor describes the totality of social relations by which humans essays on marxism and re-produce their social existence. According to Marx, the "sum total of the forces of production accessible to men determines the condition of society" and forms a society's economic base.
The base includes the material forces of production such as the labourmeans of production and relations of productioni. the social and political arrangements that regulate production and distribution.
From this base rises a superstructure of legal and political "forms of social consciousness " that derive from the economic base that conditions both the superstructure and the dominant ideology of a society. Conflicts between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production provokes social revolutionswhereby changes to the economic base leads to the social transformation of the superstructure.
This relationship is reflexivein that the base initially gives rise to the superstructure and remains the foundation of a form of social organization. Those newly formed social organizations can then act again upon both parts of the base and superstructure so that rather than being static, essays on marxism, the relationship is dialecticexpressed and driven by conflicts essays on marxism contradictions.
Engels clarified: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slavepatrician and plebeianlord and serfguild -master and journeymanin a word, oppressor and oppressedstood in constant opposition to one another, carried on uninterrupted, essays on marxism, now hidden, now open fight, essays on marxism, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, essays on marxism, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
Marx considered recurring class conflicts as the driving force of human history as such conflicts have manifested themselves as distinct transitional stages of development in Western Europe. Accordingly, Marx designated human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production:. While historical materialism has been referred to as a materialist theory of history, Marx did not claim to have produced a master-key to history and that the materialist conception of history is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche généraleimposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself.
According to the Marxist theoretician and revolutionary socialist Vladimir Lenin"the principal content of Marxism" was "Marx's economic doctrine. one and the same. Exploitation is a matter of surplus labour —the amount of labour performed beyond what is received in goods.
Exploitation has been a socioeconomic feature of every class society and is one of the principal features distinguishing the social classes. The power of one social class to control the means of production enables its exploitation of other classes. Under capitalism, the labour theory of value is the operative concern, whereby the value of a commodity equals the socially necessary labour time required to produce it. Under such condition, surplus value —the difference between the value produced and the value received by a labourer—is synonymous with the term surplus labour and capitalist exploitation is thus realised as deriving surplus value from the worker.
In pre-capitalist economiesexploitation of the worker was achieved via physical coercion. Under the capitalist mode of production, those results are more subtly achieved because workers do not own the means of production and must "voluntarily" enter into an exploitive work relationship with a capitalist in order to earn the necessities of life. The worker's entry into such employment is voluntary in that they choose which capitalist to work for.
However, the worker must work or starve, thus exploitation is inevitable and the voluntary nature of a worker participating in a capitalist society is illusory; it is production, not circulation, that causes exploitation. Marx emphasised that capitalism per se essays on marxism not cheat the worker. Alienation German: Entfremdung is the estrangement essays on marxism people from their humanity, essays on marxism, and a systematic result of capitalism.
Under capitalism, the fruits of production belong to employers, who expropriate the surplus created by others and so generate alienated labourers. In Marx's view, alienation is an objective characterization essays on marxism the worker's situation in capitalism—his or her self-awareness of this condition is not prerequisite. Marx distinguishes social classes on the basis of two criteria, i.
essays on marxism of means of production and control over the labour power of others. Following this criterion of class based on property relations, Marx identified the social stratification of the capitalist mode of production with the following social groups:.
Class consciousness denotes the awareness—of itself and the social world—that a social class possesses as well as its capacity to rationally act in their best interests. Class consciousness is required before a social class can effect a successful revolution and thus the dictatorship of the proletariat. Without defining ideology[30] Marx used the term to describe the production of images of social reality. According to Engels, essays on marxism, "ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness.
The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process, essays on marxism. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces. Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society i.
the ruling social ideasare determined by the best interests of the ruling class. In The German IdeologyMarx says that "[t]he ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, essays on marxism, i.
the class which is the ruling material force of society, essays on marxism, is, at the same time, its ruling intellectual force. In Marxism, political economy is the study of the means of production, specifically of capital and how that manifests as economic activity. Marxism taught me what society was. I was like a blindfolded man in a forest, who doesn't even know where north or south is.
If you don't eventually come to truly understand the essays on marxism of the class struggle, or at least have a clear idea that society is divided between the rich and the poor, and that some people subjugate and exploit other people, you're lost in a forest, not knowing anything. This new way of thinking was invented because socialists believed that common ownership of the means of production i.
the industriesland, wealth of nature, trade apparatus and wealth of the society would abolish the exploitative working conditions experienced under capitalism. Through working class revolution, the state which Marxists saw as a weapon for the subjugation of one class by another is seized and used to suppress the hitherto ruling class of capitalists and by implementing a commonly owned, democratically controlled workplace create the society of communism which Marxists see as true democracy.
An economy based on co-operation on human need and social betterment, rather than competition for profit of many independently acting profit seekers, would also be the end of class society, which Marx saw as the fundamental division of all hitherto existing history.
Marx saw work, the effort by humans to transform the environment for their needs, as a fundamental feature of human kind, essays on marxism. Capitalismin which the product of the worker's labour is taken from them and sold at market rather than being part of the worker's life, is therefore alienating to the worker.
Additionally, the worker is compelled by various means some nicer than others to work harder, faster and for longer hours. While this is happening, the employer is constantly trying to save on labour costs by essays on marxism the workers less and figuring out how to use cheaper equipment. This allows the employer to extract the largest amount of work and therefore potential wealth from their workers.
The fundamental nature of capitalist society is no different from that of slave society, in that one small group of society exploits essays on marxism larger group, essays on marxism.
Through common essays on marxism of the means of production, the profit motive is eliminated and the motive of furthering human flourishing is introduced, essays on marxism. Because the surplus produced by the workers is the property of the society as a whole, there are no classes of producers and appropriators, essays on marxism. Additionally, as the state has its origins in the bands of retainers hired by the first ruling classes to protect their economic privilege, it will wither away as its conditions of existence have disappeared.
According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx"Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society—positive humanism, socialism, essays on marxism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc.
He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct historical stages is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death. According to orthodox Marxist theory, the overthrow of capitalism by a socialist revolution in contemporary society is inevitable.
While the inevitability of an eventual socialist revolution is a essays on marxism debate among many different Marxist schools of thought, all Marxists believe socialism is a necessity. Marxists argue that a socialist society is far better for the majority of the populace than its capitalist counterpart. Prior to the Russian RevolutionVladimir Lenin wrote: "The socialization of production is bound to lead to the conversion of the means of production into the property of society.
This conversion will directly result in an immense increase in productivity of labour, a reduction of working hours, and the replacement of the remnants, the ruins of small-scale, primitive, disunited production by collective and improved labour. Classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
As Ernest Mandel remarked, "Marxism is always open, always critical, always self-critical. From Marx's letter derives the paraphrase, "If that is Marxism, then I am not a Marxist. American Marxist scholar Hal Draper responded to this comment by saying: "There are few thinkers in modern history whose thought has been so badly misrepresented, essays on marxism, by Marxists and anti-Marxists alike.
A Brief Introduction to Marxism
, time: 4:27Libertarian Marxism - Wikipedia
Aug 18, · “Cultural Marxism” (also known as Neo-Marxism, Libertarian Marxism, Existential Marxism, or Western Marxism) is a well-established term in academic circles and has appeared in the titles of numerous books and articles that treat it either dispassionately or favourably. It simply refers to a twentieth-century development in Marxist thought Ibdp extended essay guide cons essays! tesla and essay Nikola parties. pros, essay writing high school, write essay on new year! Democracy essay in kannada. Soal essay aljabar dr apj abdul kalam essay words. Smartphone choices essay. The road essay topics. Essay on my personal experience during lockdown essay research proposal sample Nov 21, · Marxism crime and deviance essay. 1 page single spaced essay essays tumaczenie essayer lunettes de vue en ligne iphone, essay on save earth save water cause and solution essay topics ielts, aatam nirbhar bharat abhiyan essay. Causes drug abuse essay write an essay on comic books
No comments:
Post a Comment